PONDICHERRY MARITIME ACADEMY

International maritime signal flags are various flags used to communicate with ships. The principal system of flags and associated codes is the International Code of Signals. Various navies have flag systems with additional flags and codes, and other flags are used in special uses, or have historical significance A Alfa - Diver below (when stationary); I am undergoing a speed trial B Bravo - I am taking on or discharging explosives C Charlie - (affirmative) D Delta - keep clear of me, I am manoevering with difficulty E Echo - I am altering my course to starboard F Foxtrot - I am disabled, communicate with me G Golf - I require a pilot H Hotel - I have a pilot on board I India - I am altering my course to port J Juliett - I am going to send a message by semaphore K Kilo - you should stop your vessel instantly L Lima - you should stop, I have something important to communicate M Mike - I have a doctor on board N November - no (negative) O Oscar - man overboar

Maritime cyber risk refers to a measure of the extent to which a technology asset could be threatened by a potential circumstance or event, which may result in shipping-related operational, safety or security failures as a consequence of information or systems being corrupted, lost or compromised. Cyber risk management means the process of identifying, analysing, assessing and communicating a cyber-related risk and accepting, avoiding, transferring or mitigating it to an acceptable level, considering costs and benefits of actions taken to stakeholders The overall goal is to support safe and secure shipping, which is operationally resilient to cyber risks. IMO guidance: IMO has issued MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3 Guidelines on maritime cyber risk management. MSC-FAL.1/Circ.3 5 July 2017 GUIDELINES ON MARITIME CYBER RISK MANAGEMENT The Facilitation Committee, at its forty-first session (4 to 7 April 2017), and the Maritime Safety Committee, at its ninety-eighth session (7 to 16 Ju

INTRODUCTION Autonomous ships, also known as Maritime Autonomous Surface Ships (MASS), are crewless vessels that transport either containers or bulk cargo over navigable waters with little or no human interaction. Different methods and levels of autonomy can be achieved through monitoring and remote control from a nearby manned ship, an onshore control center or through artificial intelligence and machine learning, letting the vessel itself decide the course of action. Autonomous cargo ships are by some in the shipping industry viewed as the next logical step within maritime shipping, noting the general trend of automating tasks and reducing crews on ships Autonomous ships achieve autonomy by the use of technologies similarly found in autonomous cars and autopilots. Sensors provide data with the help of infrared and visual spectrum cameras supplemented by radar, sonar, lidar, GPS and AIS which will be able to supply data for navigational use. Other data such as meteorological